Economic effects of globalisation in singapore

Economic effects of globalisation in singapore globalisation is defined as the free movements of goods, services and capital across borders. It is a contentious process by which the western market economies film effectively spread across the globe. Although it does not constitute a sassy phenomenon, it is viewed as an inexor sufficient integration of markets, nations and technologies to a degree never witnessed forward in a way that is enabling individuals, and corporations to kitchen stove around the knowledge base further, rapid, deeper and more(prenominal) than than economically than ever before (Heshmati, 2003).Today, globalisation is evident in e very aspect of our life and society. Globalisation has impacted us in many another(prenominal) ways, most evidently in communication and action between different pot. Globalisation has brought ab turn out the Internet and advanced applied science. This has allowed for simple mindedness in facilitation of which many as pects of the world are run and work. People are able to occasion the Internet to communicate with people from the other side of the world and interact and debate about issues in the market etc. Through globalisation, people are able to communicate and interact easily, in doing so cavictimization the ease of disseminating schooling and as yet in the way that facilitated trade.Especially with regards to trade, globalisation has enabled many countries around the world to take reward of the aspect of globalisation which improves communication and fundamental interaction between people. Many countries employ this aspect to help expand and advance their economies and trade markets. The year 2007 to 2008 witnessed a movement of goods and services worth $132 trillion from the Peoples ground of China across the globe. This led to a 5.4% annex or rise in the Chinese deliverance as compared from the previous economic growth of a rate of 3.4% (Moore Lewis, 2009).Economic globalisat ion is defined as the rise in economic interdependence of different nations economies of the world and it entails a dramatic rise in movement of goods, technology, capital and service across nations borders (Justin, 2001). Economic globalization has besides provided opportunities for develop countries in that it expands the size of their markets for export and attracts unusual capital, which aids development. Foreign coronation is conducive to a transfer of technologies and knowhow, which increases productivity (Bertucci and Alberti, 2010).In the same way, capital of Singapore has excessively utilise the aspect of globalisation which increases communication in her own advantage to improve the economy and trade. One of the industries affected positively from globalisation in Singapore is the tourism industry. With globalisation, people are able to move from i center to another easily and quickly, through the use of aeroplanes etc. This allows people to travel regularly to Si ngapore, from places as far as Africa and United States of America. With easier traveling, more people evoke come to Singapore to tour and enjoy the attractions much(prenominal) as the Marina Bay Sands, Sentosa, etc. With more people in Singapore, the tourism industry is able to suck more m 1y through the expenditure of these tourists, from food and beverages to entrance fees of attractions. Thus, through globalisation, Singapores tourist industry is able to expand and advance.This table of statistics shows the flake of levyor arrivals by region/country of residence from the year 1999 and 2004 to 2009. Through this table, it lavatory be seen that a large amount of people from the United States of America come to visit Singapore every year, in 2009 totalling to 370.7 thousand. This shows how globalisation has affected the tourism industry. People from countries like the United States of America which is in the other side of the world is able to come over to Singapore in such la rge pieces. This can also be seen in Europe, where 1,307.4 thousand people arrived to Singapore in 2009. It can be seen that globalisation has improved the tourism industry through the increase of tourist arrivals over the years. Take the Commonwealth of Independent States and Eastern Europe for example. The number of people who have visited Singapore have risen from 42.8 thousand in 1999 to 114.3 thousand in 2008. This shows the influence of globalisation has on the tourism industry in Singapore. With a greater influence, globalisation bring ins the tourist industry to have more and more tourists every year due to the easier transportation and movement from one country to another.With globalisation helping the countrys economy to plough wealthier, this in turn would affect the people positively, allo bring ing them to have a better standard of living. There are many benefits that citizens pull up stakes have through a booming economy.One positive effect is that globalization ca uses rapid changes in trade relations, financial flows, and mobility of labour across the world. The development has brought the economies of developed countries closer to bewitchher and more strongly interrelated. Trade is more common across countries and people are able to move from one place to another more conveniently and frequently than before.With globalization, companies have forayed into the evolution countries and hence generated employment for them. But it is one of the positive and negative effects of globalization, depending on the point of view you wish to see it from. It has kick inn an opportunity to invest in the emerging markets and tap up the talent which is available there. In developing countries, there is often a lack of capital which hinders the growth of domestic companies and hence, employment. In such cases, due to global nature of the businesses, people of developing countries overly can obtain gainful employment opportunities. But the developed countri es have lost jobs on account of this movement of jobs to the developing world and hence it is a pinch felt by people in the First World.One of the most visible positive effects of globalization in India is the flow of unknown capital. A lot of companies have directly invested in India, by starting production units in India, but what we also need to see is the amount of FII that flows into the developing countries. Indian companies which have been performing well, both in India and off the shores, will attract a lot of foreign investment, and consequently pushes up the reserve of foreign exchange available in India. This is also one of the positive effects of globalization in US and other developed countries as developing countries give them a good investment proposition.The last effect is the impact of foreign trade on an economy. Comparative advantage has always been a factor even in the old times. While trade originated in the times of early kingdoms, it has been institutionaliz ed due to globalization. Previously, people had to resort to unfair means and destruction of kingdoms and countries to ready what they wanted. Today, it is done in a more humane way, with mutual cooperation. People who operate in uncivilized ways, now have to face the WTO and other world organizations that have been established with a view to control and regulate the trade activities of the countries.With all these benefits, the incomes of Singaporeans have increased over the last few years. In Singapore, the home base income from work in 2010 increased due to strong economic growth. Median monthly household income from work in 2010 recovered to above the level before the economic downturn in 2009. Among resident households, median monthly income from work increased by 3.1 per cent from $4,850 in 2009 to $5,000 in 2010 (Table 1) in real term, the increase was 0.3 per cent (Department of Statistics Singapore, 2010).Table 1 Monthly Household Income from Work Among Resident Househol dsYearMedian Household IncomeAverage Household IncomeDollarNominal transmit (%) authentic Change (%)DollarNominal Change (%)20003,6383.92.64,9885.720013,8606.15.05,3387.020023,628-6.0-5.65,069-5.020033,601-0.7-1.25,0750.120043,6892.40.85,1942.320053,8604.64.15,4474.920064,0003.62.65,7154.920074,3759.47.16,29510.120084,94613.16.07,08612.620094,850-1.9-2.56,826-3.720105,0003.10.37,2145.7Source Department of Statistics Singapore (2011) Key Household Income Trends, 2010Among employed household, with at least one functional person, median monthly income from work increased by 5.7 per cent in nominal terms (from $5,400 in 2009 to $5,700 in 2010) and 2.8 per cent in real terms (Table 2).Table 2 Monthly Household Income from Work Among Employed HouseholdsYearMedian Household IncomeAverage Household IncomeDollarNominal Change (%)Real Change (%)DollarNominal Change (%)20004,0005.33.95,4567.020014,1413.52.55,7365.120024,038-2.5-2.15,572-2.920034,0500.3-0.25,6180.820044,1061.4-0.35,7612.52005 4,3455.85.36,0525.120064,4953.52.56,2803.820074,8838.66.46,8899.720085,47512.15.27,75212.520095,398-1.4-2.07,549-2.620105,7045.72.88,0586.7Source Department of Statistics Singapore (2011) Key Household Income Trends, 2010Even though the income levels have risen among employed Singaporeans, we have found through our research that not every Singaporean enjoys these perks of having laid-backer income through globalisation.This is the one effect of globalisation in Singapore that we would like to discuss in this paper. The phenomenon of outfit income gap in Singapore, between the period of 2000 2010.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYSources of InformationIn this research paper, we used mainly secondary sources of information. The sources of information that we used areNewspaper ArticlesThe freshlyspaper articles we used were from The Straits Times. We decided to use articles from our local newspaper as it leans more towards our country and hence, the articles would be more apt especially since ou r research is about the effects of globalisation in Singapore. The Straits Times is also a acclaimed worldwide as one of the better newspapers, hence, it would be more reliable.Research papersThe research papers that we used, such as the article Reducing Singapores Income Disparity Looking Forward is by professors from Singapore. Hence, it is more reliable as they have lived in Singapore and studied the trends over the years. It would also be more appropriate for them to comment on the findings that they have collatedMagazinesWe used The Economist because our topic focused mainly on the economy, hence, since The Economist looks at the global market, it would be a good judge of the economy in the divers(a) parts of the world. One issue that we looked at was record 398, Number 8717 of The Economist, which had a special report called The rich and the rest. This was relevant because it talks about the issue of widening income gap and the income discrepancies in the world today, which is one of our main focuses in our research paper.StatisticsOur statistics were taken from research papers (results were collected by the author of the research paper) and studies conducted by the government. Since the statistics were taken from reliable sources, it would be more accurate in showing trends over the years.Rationale of using the sources of InformationIn our research paper, we exclusively used secondary sources. This is because our topic is mainly on the effects of globalisation, hence it would be more appropriate to analyse the trends and research instead of conducting an interview. It was also quite unattackable to find an interviewee because globalisation is a wide topic and many people might have their different opinions on it. Through conducting extensive research using newspaper articles, research papers, et cetera, we could generally find the trends and information that we needed for our paper. Hence, we found that it was not necessary to conduct interviews or surveys as information that we needed could be found.Limitations of ResearchThe limitation of using solely secondary sources is that we are unable to get first-hand opinions of the globalisation trends that we see in Singapore. Even though the opinions might be subjective, it would be a helpful source in knowing more about globalisation through the interviewees.Limitation of Newspaper ArticlesThe newspaper articles had however moved(p) lightly on either the topic of widening income gap or globalisation, hence we had to conduct more research in order to find more information about the topic.Limitation of Research PapersResearch papers were useful in providing us with extensive information, however, each research paper was very focused on the particular topic that the professor was working on, and hence, we had to combine various research papers in order to find the trends and information that we inevitable for our own research paper.Limitation of MagazinesThe Economist was mainly on general statistics in the world, and hence, many of the information were not pertaining to Singapore and we could not use it for our information. The magazines were whole a good guide in showing us the effects of globalisation to the world in general.Limitation of StatisticsThe statistics given were mainly not see hence, even though we had the statistics by the government and research papers, we had to interpret and tweak the information in the way that it suits our topic and supports our points in our research paper.FINDINGS HOW GLOBALIZATION lead TO THE WIDENING INCOME GAP IN SINGAPOREGlobalisation has caused many changes in the world that we live in today. There are many effects of globalisation in our society, both good and bad. Globalisation is the continuous tendency towards the free flow of business and monetary infusions across nations which help in the formation of external financial system (mapsofindia, 2011).Higher living standardsThrough globalisation, the standar d of living around the world has improved considerably. This is due to the want for financial independence and thus, people are triggered to bring to pass competitive, elevating the living standard of people in the nations that offer themselves to the world trade (mapsofindia, 2011). With increased economic stability, countries are able to have faster economic growth, which will also improve the standard of living in the country and reduce poverty. India has cut its poverty rate in half in the past devil decades. China has reduced the number of rural poor from 250 million in 1978 to 34 million in 1999. Cheaper imports also make a wider range of products accessible to more people and, through competition, can help promote efficiency and productivity (global education, 2011). The rich are also able to dispose on their extravagant lifestyle, hence heightening the income discrepancies, as while people on the higher end of the income ladder are living a wondrous lifestyle, the start -skilled workers are worried about keeping their jobs. This increased standard of living is thus clearly unbeneficial to some pockets of the population, especially the lower-skilled and lower-income people.Development of technologyOver the years, technology has advanced in many ways that were thought impossible. The development of technology is rapid, persistent and ever-changing. With the introduction of technology to global markets, the demand for commodities has increased. Products and services are also increasing constantly. This has led to increase in usage around the world. Through the introduction of technology, technological gadgets are more easily available and affordable, allowing people to use technology to look into the investment and financial sector. With the help of computers, more and more people can be connected to the events happening in the financial sector. As per statistics, everyday more than $1.5 trillion is now swapped in the worlds currency markets and aroun d one-fifth of products and services are generated per year are bought and sold. Technological advancement and productivity expansion are the other benefits of globalization because since 1970s growing international rivalry has triggered the industries to improvise increasingly (mapsofindia, 2011).Increased inter-communicationWith globalisation, it is now easier for people all around the world to move from place to place. People have the ability to move from country to country in a short amount of time as compared to before when there was no globalisation. For the purpose of commerce and pleasure, more and more people are crossing national borders. Globally, on average nations in 1950 witnessed undecomposed one overseas visitor for every 100 citizens. By the mid-1980s it increased to six and ever since the number has doubled to 12. Commerce as a voice of gross world product has increased in 1986 from 15% to nearly 27% in recent years. Worldwide telephone traffic has tripled since 1991. The number of unstable subscribers has elevated from almost zero to 1.8 billion indicating around 30% of the world population. Internet users will quickly touch 1 billion.With improved telecommunications, information and goods are available easily across countries. Costs are lowered and information is more reliable and accurate than ever. With such changes to the global market, workers are not fitting now dependant on their own countrys economy anymore. Old jobs and skills are outsourced to meet the increasing demands of the global economy, thus many lower-skilled workers get lower income or get laid-off.Effects of GlobalisationInflux of immigrantsGlobalization has made the world very close and small because of the ease of transport and lower cost of travel, and thus also increases the immigration in Singapore. Based on the study of Singapore Population Overview (Table 1), it can be seen that the number of immigrants and PRs in Singapore was 31.7% in 2007 whereas in 2008, t he number has risen to 34.6%. This means that the number of immigrants and PRs is growing at a faster rate than the citizen population. The foreign workforce in Singapore is 30% (in 2010) not number those who are newly converted citizens and PRs.( Diary of A Singaporean Mind, Monday, August 30, 2010) The government has offered scholarships, jobs and assistance for people in many other countries to settle in Singapore.Table 1. Singapore Population Overview (source SingStat)Singapore Population StatisticsCurrently, there are 4.8 million people residing in Singapore, and about 478,000 are PRs. (On April 1, 2009, in Life in Singapore) Among them, the students, professionals entrepreneurs want to stay in Singapore after finishing their studies or own businesses , and establishing their careers.Table 2. Persons Granted PR (source SingStat)Persons Granted PR post Singapore ImmigrationTable 3. Persons Granted Citizenship (source SingStat)Persons Granted Citizenship post Singapore Immigrati onThe tables show that each year, there are about 60,000 foreigners granted as PR. In contrast, only 15-17,000 citizenship status was approved yearly. Despise Singapores economic advantages foreigners main motivators are citing tax incentives as well as health and education benefits which come from creation a citizen or PR.Singapore is a very small island and has limited land and housing. Singaporeans have always welcomed immigrants in the past from Malaysia or Indonesia but present the influx immigrants in the recent waves strains our infrastructure and leads to income inequality. Singapores economy now depends heavily on foreign labour which took up 58,300 new jobs, and over half of the 112,500 new jobs which are created in the year. Assuming one terzetto or half of the locals are PRs, the proportion of new jobs which belong to foreigners is likely to be as high as two thirds or three quarters. (Tan Jee Say, Creating Jobs and Enterprisein a New Singapore Economy) These immigrant s are taking jobs away from the locals and hence living some jobless. The Unemployment Rate (SA) in Singapore was 1.9% in Mar 2011. (Statistics Singapore)On top of that, they are driving down the income levels for the low-skilled jobs and hence even if locals were to work in it, they will be paid only a small amount. This would not be sufficient for the citizens especially since the standard of living in Singapore is high refer to the Higher Living stock(a)and thus they might not be able to afford to pay for some needs. Ultimately, income gap will grow wider.In the past, the workers economic fate was only relevant to the national economic fate. However, globalization and improvements in communication, as well as influx immigrants changed the case. Now workers have to get by in a global market, and their wages are not so dependent on the individual economies success or failure of. The mind workers such as engineers, scientists, executives can compete successfully in the global mark et and receive high wages. However, the production and service works industrialized countries are not able to compete with those from third world countries. The workflow changes, thus poor countries get the low-value-added element of work which is formerly done in rich countries however, higher-value work is maintained. (Economics focus Cash machines. 2011-04-16.) This is a main effect on widening income gap.The population has increased to 5.5 million a big part of it is made up of immigrants. Seventy-eight percent of post News Asia/Gallup polled felt that Singapore should limit the number of foreign workers when the population increases. (Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences ( 2009) Vol 1, No 3, 982-1002982)The management of the consequences of attracting more talented immigrants has become a challenge both in political and economic aspect. Globalization results in more acute income inequalities and meanwhile places a high premium on talent. Those people who stand at both ends of the skills spectrum are worried about their future.((Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences ( 2009) Vol 1, No 3, 982-1002982)) The cheaper labour from neighboring countries has forced the lower end to improve skills more efficiently. At the other end, Singapores industries has also storm skills deficit which has been pushed into higher value-added. Those Singaporeans who are better educated now have become being placed at a disadvantage in a more and more competitive job market. There is growing concern on the influence of fairly large immigration on the establishment of Singapores cultural and national identity, and on the states management of racial diversity as well. (Koh, 2003 230-256).Effect of Globalization Opening of New Economy and its effect on the unskilled, leading to widening income gapGlobalization has become crucial for economic growth and prosperity in Singapore in recent decades, though the gains main spread unequally. Its ma gnitude and speed increase the free mobility of the products, services, as well as the factors of production across national borders. Globalization has made it possible for the transition form heavy industry or manufacturing-based economy to a new technology based one, thus leads to the opening of new economies. However, like most by-products of globalization, it has been a double-edged sword. The high growth, low inflation and high employment of this period led to overly cheerful predictions and many flawed business plans. (Newsweek article (January 2001) on the false claims of the new economy) Business in developed countries process outsourcing enables cheaper labour and services, however, meanwhile, displaces some of the service-sector jobs. One the one hand, accessing to the global market by attracting Direct Foreign Investment (FDI) and foreign investments has promoted Singapores economic development. On the other hand, the blue-collars jobs in the city-state were forced to ru n away to low-costs countries such as China and India. Thus it has a main effect on the widening income gap.Figure 1QQFigure 2. Wage inequality between masterful Professionals and Unskilled ones.Source Ministry of Manpower Singapore (2007). Report on Wages in Singapore 2006Figure 1 indicates about 52.0% of Singaporeans are skilled workers in 2010.Figure2 shows the ratio of the skilled occupations wages to the unskilled ones wages.Regarding the income inequality between occupations, the collectively defined skilled workers continue to earn more than unskilled workers such as the cleaners, labourers and related workers. And the income gap has widened further since 1996.Therefore, the wage growths relative stagnation among the unskilled workers would unquestionably have influence on the widening income gap between the two ends of the occupational spectrum as indicated in Figure 2.Due to globalization, with the internet and airplanes, the distance between countries is getting shorter. The international communication on technologies and science has been more synergistic and immediate. Therefore, companies nowadays set different parts of their plants in different countries and locations, saving the delivery time but not sacrificing the quality of the products and. The outsourcing of old jobs makes the companies greater cyberspace due to low exchange rates of the countries and lower costs. However, meanwhile, the new technologies will make the old skills obsolete and increase the rate of unemployment in Singapore.The new economy is not only the high technology and the Internet, but also the work is now being supported by technology and evolving with technology. The new economy consists of new organizational models as well, emphasizing teamwork which means the decision making is no longer dominated by a single boss. The old economy just focused on local, state or national markets, but the new economy focused towards global market. The new economy showed a change in how the nation tried to draw business and industry. In the old economy, the industry was attracted to the nation because of low priced labor, cheap land, low tax, convenient transportation and other somatic infrastructures. In the new economy, outsourcing is becoming more and more popular.Such phenomenon is due to a period of transition to the new economies which is knowledge or idea-based from the old ones. The account of the new economy is the utilized technology and high quality of production, as well as new ideas and innovation which can be embedded in all aspects of the economy. In 1950, 60% of the jobs needed unskilled workers however, today only about 15% of jobs require them. The need for professionals has been around 20%. (Dr. Jacquelyn P. Robinson, A L A B A M A C O O P E R A T I V E E X T E N S I O N S Y S T EM, Volume 1, Issue 4 September 22, 2000)The requirement of skilled jobs which needs education and readiness has grown. Real wages for high school graduated witho ut technical training decreased 18% over the last 18 years and those without high school diploma dropped 40%.((Dr. Jacquelyn P. Robinson).Therefore, the well-off march towards the global market and make more profit while the poor and uneducated become obsolete and unemployment, leading to the widening income diversity.CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we have discussed more about globalization its role and the effects it has on Singapore, more specifically, the widening income gap. As can be seen, globalization has affected the way things work and old skills and jobs are gradually being outsourced. Although we cannot do anything to prevent it, it is important than we are aware of the consequences and try to improve Singapores current situation. Hence, Singaporeans should jump at the chance to improve their skills, so as to have a better future in exchange.Indeed, the Singapore government faces a tough challenge in trying to achieve this trinity of complaisant goals income equality, econom ic growth and fiscal discipline (Yeoh 2007/2008). Even though this is hard to put into practice, the Singapore government has to adopt specific actions and measures to address the spiraling income inequality. This will help to prevent social discontentment and continue the wealth and prosperity that Singapore has been achieving over the years. However, the Singapore government has the responsibility to pay close caution to the needs of the people, especially those falling through the cracks with the rising cost of living. It is important that the government continues to care for the needs of the people and ensure that effective measures are carried out to ease their burdens. Unhappiness among the people leading to widespread discontentment can cause policies to fail hence, political leaders must be capable of directional these emotions towards productive uses that benefit the economy, rather than allowing these emotions to develop into civil strife. Besides the economic policies t o reverse income disparity, most importantly, the government needs to demonstrate empathetic leadership and win the hearts of Singaporeans so that the future will continue with a better Singapore.

Indivdual Differences In Pain Tolerance Psychology Essay

Indivdual Differences In Pain Tolerance Psychology EssayIt is gener tout ensembley agreed that the perception of perturb does not only depend on the noxious input, but similarly on a variety of psychological variables including an individuals mad state. The corpus amygdaloideum is one area of the brain linked with the regulation of two emotion and smart (Lapate, Lee, Salomons, van Reekum, Grieschar Davidson, 2012). This region has also been implicated in character onset and the act of cursing. The current occupy aimed to expand on previous work looking into the hypoalgesic install of swearing on aggravator (Stephens, Atkins and Kingston, 2009 Stephens Umland 2011) whilst also examining the office of trait onset and sex activity. Participants consisted of 50 students from the University of Central Lancashire. They took part in two heatless vasoconstrictor task trials whilst either cursing or repeating the volume chair. They also completed the Trait Aggression Quest ionnaire (Buss Perry, 1992). Physiological readings of heart browse and systolic/diastolic rake haul were downn along with common cold pressor latency. It was show that swearing had no impact on pain tolerance and there were no differences in physiologic reading amidst any of the marks. However, the results showed that both(prenominal) staminates and females who patsyd high-pitched on the trait antagonism questionnaire could harbor the cold pressor task for endless than those low in trait aggression. Males also lasted lengthy on the cold pressor task than females crossways both the swearing and non-swearing positions. The lack of findings with regards to swearing could be due to the manner in which participants were asked to curse. Despite this, the findings do go for the idea that individual differences affect to be taken into account when studying pain and when dealing with pain in the clinical population.Physical pain has been field of honor to vast amounts of research across various disciplines. From an evolutionary point of view, pain serves an important purpose. For example, it motivates action to escape or avoid noxious stimuli (Ploghaus, Tracey, Gati, Clare, Menon, Matthews, Nicholas Rawlins, 1999). The more(prenominal) that is discovered about the physiological and psychological processes involved in the perception of pain, the more complex it has become (Ogden, 2007). Traditionally, the main body of research into pain has been on the pharmacological control of pain and has been foc consumptiond on the spinal cord processes of pain relief. As more is be learnt about the different types of pain modality bodys it is nice clearer that pharmacology is not the only way to manipulate these mechanisms (Villemure Bushnell, 2002). More recent evidence has been provided using neuroimaging as a center to advertize explore these mechanisms. useful neuroimaging has shown that certain areas of the brain are activated when pain is exp erienced. These include the thalamus, somatosensory and prefrontal cortices and the anterior cingulate cortex (Ploghaus et al, 1999). However, recent research on pain has focussed more on the spot that emotions play in pain regulation. The current view is of pain is much more multidimensional. This means the perception of pain does not necessarily depend on the level of noxious input rather it is heavily influenced by many psychological variables (Wiech Tracey, 2009). The turned on(p) dimension of pain is further supported by findings that show a large percentage of neurons in the medial thalamus that respond to noxious stimuli applied directly to the skin are chatoyant depending on the motivational and affective state of the animal (Price, 2002 cited in Wickens, 2009). in that respectfore it is necessary to study other(a) areas of the brain in relation to pain.More and more research is showing that the amygdaloid nucleus may play an important role in the integration of affec tive regulation and pain perception (Lapate, Lee, Salomons, van Reekum, Grieschar Davidson, 2012). victimization a combination of behavioural, physiological and neuroimaging methods (Lapate et al. (2012) demonstrated that both pain and emotion regulation are reflected in amygdala function. Other recent studies have also focused on the influence emotions have on pain. For example, Godinho,Magnin,Frot,Perche Garcia-Larrea (2006) demonstrated that empathy with other peoples suffering increased a participants own reported pain intensity. In addition, De Wied and Verbaten (2001) conducted a study looking at the effect positive and prejudicial pictures would have on participants pain tolerance. They found that participants viewing the positive pictures prior to the task could withstand pain for eight-day than participants viewing the negative pictures before the task. With regards to negative emotions it has been found that inducing anger or sadness (Rainville, Bao Chrtien, 2005) or a depressed image (Berna, Leknes, Holmes, Edwards, Goodwin Tracey, 2010) in healthy participants increases pain intensity and leads to individuals rating pain as more unpleasant than if these negative emotions had not been induced. Given that emotions are linked to the make of pain, research has also explored the role they play in its regulation. For example recent research has looked at the effects of swearing on pain tolerance.The use of proscribed linguistic communication, or swearing, is a prominent yet understudied part of human language (Van Lancker Cummings, 1999) which is used across all cultures (Pinker, 2007). Swearing can be used as a means to express emotion, particularly negative. The primary meanings of offensive boys are connotative (Jay Janschewitz, 2008) rather than denotative meaning they have an emotional aspect distinct from the actual meaning of the word. As soon as a child learns to speak, they learn to curse. Children learn that cursing is a form of co ping with accent mark and it has been hypothesised that being punished for cursing as a child can lead to the words holding a negative emotional connotation for the substance abuser (Jay, King Duncan, 2006). Therefore it is important to explore how swear words effect emotions compared to normal language.It has been suggested that the connotations and denotations of words are actually processed and stored in different unwrap of the brain, with denotation being primarily dealt with in the neocortex of the left hemisphere and connotation being processed across connections betwixt the neocortex and the limbic system in the right hemisphere (Pinker, 2007). Interestingly it appears that the neuropathology of swearing is distinct from the main language areas of the brain. This can be capturen in cases of severely aphasic patients where cursing is make with almost perfect articulation in comparison to the patients disabilities in other areas of language and speech (Van Lancker Cummi ngs, 1999). It has also been found that for patients suffering from coprolalia (the obscene linguistic outbursts of Gilles de la Tourettes syndrome) the symptoms are the same (although culturally specific taboos) in different languages which is evidence to support the act of cursing as having a neurobiological basis (Pinker, 2007). The amygdala has also been implicated in swearing with neuroimaging studies showing increased activation in this area of the brain on hearing/saying taboo words (Jay, 2000). However, despite swearing being common in both clinical and non-clinical populations, it is a relatively neglected area of study. This may be due partly to a universal negative reaction to profanity (Van Lancker Cummings, 1999). In particular it is surprising that swearing as a repartee to pain has assembled such(prenominal) little attention in the scientific community.To date there appears to be only two studies in the area of swearing as a reception to pain, both of which were conducted by Dr Richard Stephens (Stephens, Atkins and Kingston, 2009Stephens, et al. 2009 Stephens Umland 2011).In the first-year of these studies Stephens et al. (2009) looked at swearing as a retort to pain by asking participants to submerge their hand in halt cold ice water (the cold pressor task). They hypothesised that swearing would be a maladaptive response to pain. In total 67 participants took part in a swearing and non-swearing trial. In the swearing trial they were asked to repeat a swear word they would use if in pain and in the non-swearing trial they were asked what word they could use for a table. Stephens took heart rate readings as well as using a perceived pain get over. In this study he found that swearing increased cold pressor latency (i.e. the time that they could keep their hand in the ice water), lowered pain perception and was accompanied by an increased heart rate. The increased heart rate is indicative of openhearted nervous system activation, or th e fight or flight response. As this study included both male and female participants the element of gender based differences in pain tolerance had to be considered. While this is a physical difference, the emotional effect of swearing for males compared to females could affect pain tolerance.The main gender difference with regard to pain tolerance found in Stephens et al.s (2009) study was that males could withstand the cold pressor task for longer than females. Women have been found to show greater sensitivity to experimentally induceds pain than men (Riley, Robinson, Wise, Myers Fillingim, 1998) although a review of studies conducted over the other(prenominal) ten years looking at pain and gender suggests that pain tolerance is the only measure in which there is momentous difference between males and females during the cold pressor task (Racinea, Tousignant-Laammec, Kloda, Dione, Dupuis Choinire, 2012). Other gender differences in the study by Stephens et al. (2009) were obser ved with females having a greater reduction in perceived pain and a greater increase in heart rate during the swearing condition. This could be due to gender differences in swearing. For example, it has been found that females perceive more index number in swear words than males (Dewaele, 2004). It has also been found that although swearing frequency is similar across both genders, males tend to be more offensive than females (Jay Janschewitz, 2008). There have also been inconsistent results in studies looking at physiological responses to pain in men and women. Maixner and Humphrey (1993) found that women responded to pain with an increased heart rate, as shown in Stephens et al. (2009), and men responded to pain with an increase in rail line squeeze. However a more recent study conducted by alAbsi, Peterson and Wittmers (2002) found a alliance between blood pressure and pain perception only amongst their female participants whilst other studies have found no evidence of gende r differences when looking at the blood pressure/pain relationship (Helfer McCubbin, 2001 Poudevigne, OConner Pasley, 2002). These gender differences could go some way to explain why swearing has the different effects on pain perception and physiological responses.In a second study conducted by Stephens Umland (2011) doubled earlier findings in a second study on 71 participants. , most of the results from the first study were replicated. Participants were able to keep their hand in the cold water for longer if they were swearing, and heart rate was also increased. With regards toHowever, when they looked at gender differences they found males lasted longer during the cold pressor task than females as before but this time there was no dramatic change in heart rate for the female participants.One possible reason for swearing being an effective response to pain is that it could activate part of the brain known as the Rage Circuit. This is an evolutionary response in mammals which g oes from part of the amygdala, through the hypothalamus then into the midbrain. It is like a sudden reflex response to pain or frustration. When this happens the rage circuit triggers the move of the brain connected with negative emotion including words with a strong emotional connotation such as swearing (Pinker, 2007). Indeed, Stephens et al. (2009) suggested that swearing may be effective due to it inducing a negative emotion despite previous research suggesting that negative emotion actually decreases pain tolerance and increases pain perception (Berna et al., 2010 De Wied Verbaten, 2001 Rainville et al., 2005). It should be noted however that such research tends to consider the emotional state prior to the experience of pain rather than the emotional response to noxious stimuli (Rainville, Bao Chrtien, 2005).Another explanation for the hypoalgesic effect of swearing could be the role of the amygdala in the fight or flight response. The central nucleus of the thoroughfare p rojects to the hypothalamus which then triggers the sympathetic nervous system resulting in the fight or flight response of raised heart rate and blood pressure (Wickens, 2009). This response can be activated by a number of different stimuli including pain and can increase pain tolerance and decrease the perception of pain. moreover activation of the amygdala, such as through swearing, may increase physiological reactions further resulting in this mechanism being even more effective against pain. interdict emotions such as anxiety and depression have received a lot of attention in the field of pain research. It is becoming apparent that other negative emotions, such as anger, fear and aggression may also be involved in the perception of pain (Quartana, Bounds, Yoon, Goodin Burns, 2010). Aggression is one of the negative emotions that have been suggested to be linked to swearing (Stephens Umland, 2011). Many studies have been conducted in the past on whether pain elicits aggressio n, but there has been little research into whether aggression as a trait has an effect on pain tolerance and pain perception. In a study conducted by Seguin, Pihl, Boulerice, Tremblay Harden (1996) adolescent boys were asked to take part in a pain tolerance task assessed via finger pressure pain. Trait aggression was disced as stable, unstable or no history. The results suggested that boys classed as unstable aggressors displayed the lowest pain tolerance, whereas boys classed as stable aggressors displayed the highest pain tolerance. Another study found that male participants who displayed higher levels and frequency of aggression could comport longer periods of pain compared to males with lower levels of aggression (Niel, Hunnicut-Ferguson, Reidy, Martines Zeichner, 2007). This seems to suggest that aggression does, in some way, play a role in pain tolerance. The main aftermath arising from these studies is that they only included male participants. A more recent study lookin g at a sample of both males and females found no significant relationship between pain tolerance and trait aggression once the mens conformity to a masculine gender role had been controlled for (Reidy, Dimmick, MacDonald, Zeichner, 2009). These conflicting results highlight the need for further research into the role of trait aggression in the experience of pain alongside the effects of swearing and including both male and female participants.The amygdala has already been mentioned in connection with pain modulation, swearing and emotion however it has also been linked with trait aggression. In a recent study 20 volunteers underwent brain scans which revealed a significant negative correlation between trait aggression and amygdala volume (Matthies, Rusch, Weber, Lieb, Phillipsen, Tuescher et al., 2012). Due to this and the previous inconclusive research into the role of trait aggression and pain, a high/low trait aggression condition will be included in the current study to see if there is any fundamental interaction between trait aggression and swearing during the cold pressor task.The main aim of the current study is to try and replicate the results found by Stephens et al. (2009 2011). A cold pressor task will be used as the noxious stimuli with swearing, gender and trait aggression being compared with regards to cold pressor latency. Heart rate will be record as in Stephens et al. (2009 2011) but the current study will also record systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These physiological responses were not measured in the original studies on swearing and pain and would provide more evidence that the sympathetic nervous system is activated to a greater degree whilst swearing as well as giving more insight into the blood pressure and pain relationship (Helfer McCubbin, 2001 Poudevigne, OConner Pasley, 2002).Based on previous research several hypotheses were generated. In line with the findings of Stephens et al. (2009 2011) it is hypothesised that cold p ressor latency will be longer in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition for males and females. It is also expected that physiological responses (systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate) will be higher in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition. Additionally, males are expected to withstand the noxious stimulus (cold pressor task) for longer than females across the swearing and non-swearing conditions. In line with Stephens et al. (2009), but not Stephens Umland (2011) it is hypothesised that females will display a greater increase in heart rate (and therefore systolic and diastolic blood pressure) in the swearing condition in comparison to the males.HypothesisIn line with Stephens et al., (2009 2011)Cold pressor latency will be longer in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition for males and females.Systolic blood pressure will be higher in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition for ma les and females.Diastolic blood pressure will be higher in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition for males and females.Heart rate will be higher in the swearing condition compared to the non-swearing condition for males and females.Overall males will withstand the noxious stimulus (cold pressor task) for longer than females across the swearing and the non-swearing conditions.In line with Stephens et al., (2009), but not Stephens Umland (2011)Females will display a greater increase in heart rate (and therefore systolic and diastolic blood pressure) in the swearing condition in comparison to the males.Due to the inconclusive research into the role of trait aggression and pain tolerance no specific hypothesis will be generated for this variable. Instead it will be examined whether trait aggression will have any effect on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and cold pressor latency across the swearing and non-swearing conditions and als o whether there are any gender differences.METHODDESIGNA 2 x 2 x 2 mixed subjects design was employed for this study. The between subjects factors were gender (male/female) and trait aggression (high/low). The within factor was swearing with all participants taking part in both the swearing and the non-swearing condition. The order of conditions (swearing/non-swearing) was counterbalanced for each participant. The dependent variables measured were systolic blood pressure (mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), heart rate (BPM) and cold pressor latency (length of time participants kept their hand in the cold water in seconds). The cold pressor task was employed as the painful stimulus. To avoid demand effects participants were not informed of the true character of the task until they were debriefed.PARTICIPANTSThe participants consisted of 50 students attending various courses at the University of Central Lancashire. They were recruited using both opportunity sampling and through th e research participation pool where students receive credit for taking part in research. Participation was entirely voluntary. There were 25 females and 25 males with ages ranging from 18 to 44 years. Mean age was 23.4 years (SD = 5.71). Participants were screened for quick heart conditions, high/low blood pressure and circulatory problems. No participants were excluded from the study on the basis of this screening.MATERIALSPrior to taking part in the study, participants were disposed a brief sheet (see vermiform process 1 for brief) and screened using a health screening questionnaire provided by the University of Central Lancashire (see Appendix 2 for Health covert Questionnaire). For the Cold Pressor Task a bucket filled with a mixture of cold water and ice was used. Prior to each task a thermometer was used to check the temperature was 0C. For baseline readings and between tasks a bucket containing room temperature water (25 C) was used. Physiological readings were obtained u sing a LifeSource UA-767 Plus machine which measures both blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and heart rate.Trait aggression was measured using a trait aggression questionnaire (Buss Perry, 1992). This questionnaire consists of 29 items which participants rank on a likert scale of one to five with one being not at all like you and five being completely like you. Examples of statements are Once in a while I cant control the urge to strike another person and I tell my friends openly when I disagree with them. indoors the questionnaire are four subscales which measure verbal aggression, physical aggression, hostility and anger. For the purposes of this study the overall trait aggression score was used where a higher score on the questionnaire equals a higher level of trait aggression. The questionnaire has been shown to have good internal consistency ( = .89) as well as test-retest reliability (r = .80 Buss Perry, 1992). (See Appendix 3 for Trait Aggression Questionnaire). Afte r completing the aggression questionnaire participants were made fully aware of the nature of the study through the debrief (see Appendix 4 for debrief).PROCEDUREFor the task students individually attended a research laboratory on campus at the University of Central Lancashire. They were informed that the study would be looking into physiological responses to the cold pressor task and asked to complete a health screening questionnaire. Following this participants were asked to make themselves comfortable whilst the blood pressure/heart rate calamity was placed around their non-dominant arm before submerging their dominant hand up to the wrist in a bucket of room temperature water for trine minutes. At the end of the threesome minutes a baseline blood pressure and heart rate reading were put down. Participants were then asked for what swear word they would use if they were to bang their thumb with a hammer and also what word they would use to describe a chair. Whilst repeating th eir chosen word for either cursing or chair, participants submerged their dominant hand in the cold water. They were given the instruction to keep their hand in the water until it became too uncomfortable or painful. A time limit of three minutes was imposed due to safety reasons and 11 participants reached the limit in one or both conditions. During the task, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded every 30 seconds. Once they removed their hand they were asked to submerge it back in the bucket of room temperature water for three minutes. Following this participants were asked to repeat the initial cold pressor task, this time repeating the chosen word not used in the first condition. Order of conditions was counter-balanced for all participants.Following both cold pressor tasks participants were asked to complete the aggression questionnaire before being fully debriefed. The trait aggression questionnaires were scored and then a median give out performed. Possible trait aggres sion scores range from 29 145. Participants in this study scored from 49 113 with a median of 69.5. Trait aggression was then split into high or low, with high being equal to, or more than 69.5, (n25) and low being less than 69.5 (n25). The research was conducted with the approval of the ethics committee at the University of Central LancashireThe research was conducted with the approval of the ethics committee at the University of Central LancashireRESULTSFor the purpose of outline, averages were taken of the systolic, diastolic and heart rate readings for male and female participants with high and low trait aggression in each condition (swearing/non-swearing). Cold pressor latency was recorded in seconds. the trait aggression questionnaires were scored and then a median split performed. Possible trait aggression scores range from 29 145. Participants in this study scored from 49 113 with a median of 69.5. Trait aggression was then split into high or low, with high being equal to, or more than 69.5, (n25) and low being less than 69.5 (n25). (For raw data distinguish to Appendix 5)The effects of swearing/aggression on systolic blood pressure during the cold pressor taskSystolic blood pressure (mmHg) was recorded during the cold pressor task. remand 1 shows the means and standard deviations of systolic blood pressure during the swearing and non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males and females.Table 1 Means (and standard deviations) of Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) across swearing/non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males/females.HIGH AGGRESSION low-down AGGRESSION replete(p) expressMALE125.24(20.95)129.21(16.05)127.15(18.48)FEMALE123.31(12.45)119.81(11.65)121.49(11.92)TOTAL124.31(17.07)124.32(14.45)124.32(11.92)NON SWEARINGMALE121.45(16.46)129.48(19.54)125.30(18.09)FEMALE119.33(13.77)116.44(11.28)117.82(12.36)TOTAL120.43(14.95)122.70(16.82)121.56(15.79)A 2 (trait aggression high/low) x 2 (gender male/female) x 2 (swea ring/non-swearing) mixed subjects factorial analysis of variance revealed no significant main effect of swearing condition on systolic blood pressure (F(1,46) = 1.57, p = 0.217, Eta = 0.033). There was a non-significant main effect of gender (F(1,46) = 2.95, p = 0.093, Eta = 0.060) and a non-significant main effect of trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.13, p = 0.718, Eta = 0.003). In addition, the interaction between swearing and trait aggression showed no significance (F(1,46) = 0.29, p = 0.593, Eta = 0.006). The interaction between swearing and gender was non-significant (F(1,46) = 0.19, p = 0.662, Eta = 0.004) as was the interaction between gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 1.42, p = 0.240, Eta = 0.030). Overall there was no significant 3-way interaction between swearing, gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.16, p = 0.691, Eta = 0.003). (For analysis output on systolic blood pressure see Appendix 6).The Effect of swearing/aggression on diastolic blood pressure during the cold pressor taskDiastolic blood pressure (mmHg) was recorded during the cold pressor task. Table 2 shows the means and standard deviations of diastolic blood pressure during the swearing and non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males and females.Table 2 Means (and standard deviations) of Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) across swearing/non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males/females.HIGH AGGRESSIONLOW AGGRESSIONTOTALSWEARINGMALE78.73(17.66)87.37(12.75)82.88(15.81)FEMALE85.63(9.85)79.50(16.37)82.44(13.72)TOTAL82.04(14.58)83.28(14.99)82.66(14.65)NON SWEARINGMALE80.56(13.05)86.24(13.05)82.88(15.81)FEMALE85.21(8.81)85.74(10.06)85.49(9.29)TOTAL82.79(11.24)85.98(11.78)84.39(11.51)A 2 (trait aggression high/low) x 2 (gender male/female) x 2 (swearing/non-swearing) mixed subjects factorial ANOVA revealed no significant main effect of swearing condition on diastolic blood pressure (F(1,46) = 0.65, p = 0.425, Eta = 0.014). There was a non-significant main effe ct of gender (F(1,46) = 0.07, p = 0.801, Eta = 0.001) and a non-significant main effect of trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.48, p = 0.491, Eta = 0.010). In addition the interaction between swearing and trait aggression showed no significance (F(1,46) = 0.21, p = 0.651, Eta = 0.004). The interaction between swearing and gender was non-significant (F(1,46) = 0.40, p = 0.531, Eta = 0.009) as was the interaction between gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 2.51, p = 0.120, Eta = 0.030). Overall there was no significant 3-way interaction between swearing, gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 1.41, p = 0.241, Eta = 0.030). (For analysis output on diastolic blood pressure see Appendix 7).The Effect of swearing/aggression on heart rate during the cold pressor taskHeart rate (BPM) was recorded during the cold pressor task. Table 3 shows the means and standard deviations of heart rate during the swearing and non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males and females.Table 3 Mean s (and standard deviations) of heart rate (bpm) across swearing/non-swearing conditions for high/low trait aggressive males/females.HIGH AGGRESSIONLOW AGGRESSIONTOTALSWEARINGMALE83.79(11.45)81.93(15.86)82.90(13.48)FEMALE92.10(16.79)87.34(16.14)86.92(16.29)TOTAL87.78(14.59)84.74(15.91)86.26(15.19)NON SWEARINGMALE84.57(20.16)84.91(16.13)84.73(17.96)FEMALE89.88(12.40)85.17(16.42)87.43(14.53)TOTAL87.12(16.76)85.04(15.94)86.08(16.22)A 2 (trait aggression high/low) x 2 (gender male/female) x 2 (swearing/non-swearing) mixed subjects factorial ANOVA revealed no significant main effect of swearing condition on heart rate (F(1,46) = 0.01, p = 0.934, Eta = .000). There was a non-significant main effect of gender (F(1,46) = 1.40, p = 0.243, Eta = 0.030) and a non-significant main effect of trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.46, p = 0.503, Eta = 0.010). In addition the interaction between swearing and trait aggression showed no significance (F(1,46) = 0.09, p = 0.770, Eta = 0.002). The interaction be tween swearing and gender was non-significant (F(1,46) = 1.14, p = 0.292, Eta = 0.024) as was the interaction between gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.24, p = 0.628, Eta = 0.005). Overall there was no significant 3-way interaction between swearing, gender and trait aggression (F(1,46) = 0.08, p = 0.780, Eta = 0.002). (For analysis output on heart rate see Appendix 8).The Effect of swearing/aggression on cold pressor latency during the cold pressor taskCold pressor latency (the length of time participants kept their hand in the ice water) was recorded in seconds. Table 4 shows the means and standard deviations of cold pressor

San Jose Museum of Art :: essays research papers

The San Jose Museum of guile is nicely decorated and furnished museum with some(prenominal) different types of art. I decided to start issue by tone at some of the various paintings. There were many different kinds, including traditional oil paintings on canvas as well as ordinary paper. atomic number 53 that stood out in my mind was Desert Restaurant by John Register. Its a painting of the inside of a diner sitting in the halfway of an open desert. The picture gives an eerie sense of isolation. One sculpture that I remember was one by O make outr Jackson, which is untitled. The sculpture appears to be a effigy of a human squatting down. The sculpture is make out of Steel, Marble, and Crayon. Besides these, there were many other interesting pieces of art in the Museum including the unique magnificent chandeliers made of blown glass. I read an article in an old issue of machination in America about the lack of interest many progeny Americans show toward art in recent years. The article went on to explain how museum attendance was down in most museums compared to 20 years ago. Their chief(prenominal) think for this was the basic arguments of the advances in other forms of technology much(prenominal) as Television and computers that draw the attention of young ones away from traditional arts such as museums and live plays. The article went on to say that plays have become more for the highly sophisticated and less for the average person. The average person views a live play as any normal television show and doesnt recognize the culture aspect attached to it. (Art in America, Fading market-gardening 1991, 12-14)The San Jose Museum of Art held a lot of interesting types of art, but I think I can understand what the article I read in Art in America was saying. Art has not changed much over time. Art takes a higher level of appreciation and educational level to be rightfully soundless and enjoyed.San Jose Museum of Art essays research papers The Sa n Jose Museum of Art is nicely decorated and furnished museum with many different types of art. I decided to start out by looking at some of the various paintings. There were many different kinds, including traditional oil paintings on canvas as well as ordinary paper. One that stood out in my mind was Desert Restaurant by John Register. Its a painting of the inside of a diner sitting in the middle of an open desert. The picture gives an eerie sense of isolation. One sculpture that I remember was one by Oliver Jackson, which is untitled. The sculpture appears to be a figure of a human squatting down. The sculpture is made out of Steel, Marble, and Crayon. Besides these, there were many other interesting pieces of art in the Museum including the unique bright chandeliers made of blown glass. I read an article in an old issue of Art in America about the lack of interest many young Americans show toward art in recent years. The article went on to explain how museum attendance was down in most museums compared to 20 years ago. Their main reasoning for this was the basic arguments of the advances in other forms of technology such as Television and computers that draw the attention of young ones away from traditional arts such as museums and live plays. The article went on to say that plays have become more for the highly sophisticated and less for the average person. The average person views a live play as any normal television show and doesnt recognize the culture aspect attached to it. (Art in America, Fading Culture 1991, 12-14)The San Jose Museum of Art held a lot of interesting types of art, but I think I can understand what the article I read in Art in America was saying. Art has not changed much over time. Art takes a higher level of appreciation and educational level to be truly understood and enjoyed.

Ophelia Essay -- English Literature Essays

Ophelia A play with great value and quality would best describe one of Shakespeares intriguing plays, Hamlet. Events, dilemmas, action, and the natures all contribute greatly to make the play interesting and appealing. Every event that occurs leads to the outcome of dilemmas and action. The characters personalities is what makes the action is even more exciting. Each character has got their own special significance in the roles they play. However Ophelia, the daughter of the Lord Chamberlain Polonius, allows an atmosphere of simplicity and delicacy to surround the play. Her simple nature causes inner thoughts that allow us to question her true character. From the stick of the play Ophelia seems to always keep her distance and speak very little. She is very distinctive of the other characters and keeps to herself most often. Her first presence in the play takes rear when her brother, Laertes, and her sustain lecture her about keeping away from Hamlet and not believing his love. Ho ld it a fashion, and a toy in blood, (1.3. 6) this is said by Laertes as he describes that Hamlets love will last for a little while then fade, which makes his love insignificant. Ophelia doesnt argue and agrees to memorialize what he said, however she immediately tells him to make sure he follows his own advice, and recks not his own rede. (1.3. 51) Having said this by her displays a quality that is not unremarkably seen. In accepting her brothers advice she also makes sure he understands that he needs to take his own advice too. Generally with Polonius, who also disfavors Hamlet, she is very reverential and obedient. After a long lecture from him too she says tis in my memory locked (1.3. 86) and I shall obey my lord (1.4. 136). In spite of her love towards Hamlet she doesnt debate the fact that he has not allowed her to see Hamlet anymore. She tells him the truth about what Hamlet has said or what she feels. Ophelia is the kind of girl who always had her father or brother tell ing her what to do and what to think. She says, I do not know, my lord, what I should think(1.3. 104) when her father asks her if she believes Hamlets love. Here she seems dubious and timid of her feelings or what she is to do. Ophelia is seen as inexperienced and very innocent for she doesnt look like she understands love or her emotions. Due to her inexperience and lack of g... ...as always self-assured that he would result with the outcome he wanted. He took advantage of every chance he got. For example the players who performed the play Mouse-trap. Whereas, Ophelia, unlike Hamlet who acted sensitive, really goes mad and sings her sorrow and mourning through. She doesnt accept to face reality, for she is now on her own and without her fathers support. This proves that she had always needed someone to tell her what to do and how to feel. And now once her father was gone, there was no one to fill the emptiness she felt. Concluding, Shakespeares play, Hamlet, combines a lot of t hemes and remarkable incidents. Specifically the roles of each character unite to form an extraordinary impression on the play. Particularly, Ophelias character is very perceptive and penetrating. She is described as inexperienced, vulnerable, sensitive and very frail. Leading a very protective life doesnt result in a positive end for her. Her attitude circles the play with a sense of deep partiality and the role she plays helps express the mood of the play. Although very different from Hamlets determined character, she has her own urbane manner. Quotes where taken from the play.

Feeling Sympathy for Gertrude and Rhoda in The Withered Arm, by Thomas

Feeling Sympathy for Gertrude and Rhoda in The Withered Arm, by Thomas HardyThe Withered arm is typical of Hardys novellas, as it is a tragedy.It involves two principal(prenominal) characters, Rhoda and Gertrude. Rhoda andGertrude both have their own different problems that the must face.Rhoda and Gertrude become friends after they first meet. Rhoda had anillegitimate child to granger lodge who marries Gertrude. Before Rhodaand Gertrude meet Rhoda does non know what Gertrude is like so isbitter about the idea of her marrying farmer lodge who badlyy hintsRhoda is still in love with.Rhoda is described to be erstwhile(a) before her age and works as a milkmaid.She receives no help in the breeding of the boy she had with farmerlodge so she works hard to care for him. The other milkmaids talkabout her and they start to talk about the subject of farmer lodgesnew wife. This part makes you feel some sympathy for Rhoda as she isbeing talked about when she is still there. Because of the t imes Rhodawas not at all respected for bringing up a child on her own besidesinstead she was treated as a social outcast. No one seemed to blamefarmer Lodge for what had happened. The other milkmaids will thinknothing of lecture about her business when she is there. This makesyou feel sympathy for Rhoda because in this day and age the fartherwould be forced to help at to the lowest degree financially with the upbringing ofhis son and Rhoda would be respected for her hard work in bringing upa child on her own.Rhoda is curious about the new wife and sends her son of to check herout, as it would be. She wants to know what his new wife is like.Hardy gives the impression that Rhoda is jealous of the new wife or aleast angry that he is taking a new... ...ge says that he isaway on holiday. You feel piteous at her desperation as she is onlydoing this so farmer lodge will like her for her physical beauty butshe does not seem to mind.The body that she touches happens to be Rhodas son and farmer Lodgeis with her. You feel sorry for both the women equally as much at theend of the story but for different reasons. Rhoda has had her wholelife taken away from her however forgetful it was and Gertrude has nowdied as a result of trying to improve her physical beauty.In conclusion I think that you can not feel much sympathy towardseither woman as they are both in the same boat and it is because ofeach other that they had so much grief and hardship. If they had nether met or had anything to do with each other then they would nothave been like they were. It was all a matter of situation andcircumstances.

Farmland Industries Inc. Essay -- essays research papers fc

Introduction     Today, when we hear the slogans "better farming, better food," or "proud tobe farmer owned" one company comes to mind, Farmland Industries. We whitethornthink of this of this fortune 500 company as a leading agriculturalpowerhouse, which it is, however, it was not always that way.Background      Farmland Industries Inc. was founded by Howard A. Cowden, who was born and raised in Southwestern Missouri. Cowden started young in the cooperativebusiness by working for the Missouri Farmers connective (MFA). However inOctober of 1927, he had resigned from the position of secretaire for the MFAand started out on his own. Immediately following, Cowden received the MFAoil contract that previously had been held with Standard embrocate order, andCowden was now in the wholesale oil business. On January 27, 1928, CowdenOil Company was founded. This business was moved to Kansas City, Missouriin late 1928.   &n bsp In January of 1929, Cowden Oil Company was dissolved and Union Oil Company( reconciling) was formed. It was clear that Cowden had plotted to do morethan just buy and sell oil to local cooperatives. A board of directors wascreated to run the company, yet Cowden retained full control everyplace thecompany that he had created. Cowden started recruiting smaller companies tojoin their cooperative by signing contracts to sell certain amounts ofUnions products. In 1929, Union Oil Company had purchased its first land."The Two Car Garage," as it is referred to, was the building that they hadpurchase to become their new home.     In 1935, Union Oil Company changed its name to Consumers CooperativeAssociation (CCA). CO-OP was decided to be its official logo. In Octoberof 1956, CCA moved to their new home on North Oak Trafficway, in KansasCity, and the company was ready for study business. In June of 1961, HowardA. Cowden retired as President of CCA and Hom er Young stepped in to fillhis shoes.In early to mid 1966, CCA changed its name again. This time to FarmlandIndustries, Inc., however they unperturbed kept that CO-OP symbol for atrademark. CCA now emphasized much of its business to fertilizer, petroleumand commercial feed. This business only grew and grew for them. "By 1967,Farmland Industries had manufacturing fac... ...nternational consumer take to be confident that they are gettingexcellent product at a competitive price. Farmland Industries is thecrucial link between these two segments of the market. It is a system thathas proven strong for many decades and promises to be strong for many more.WORKS CITEDAlm, Rick. "Gamblin on the River." The Kansas City Star Almanac. 1996.Cabrera, Mario. Telephone interview. 20 Nov. 1996.Fite, Gilbert C. beyond the Fence Rows. University of Missouri Press,Columbia, Missouri, 1978.Fite, Gilbert C. Farm to Factory. University of Missouri Press, Columbia,Missouri, 1965.Hartke, Debby . "Farmlands Harry Cleberg Agri-marketer of the year."Agri Marketing June 1996 A-D.Tolley, Warren D. E-mail to the author. 8 October, 1996."Top 125 demesne Private Companies-Part I." Kansas City Business Journal 14June 1996 20-24.Appendix1992 Annual Report. The Farmland Cooperative System, 1993.1994 Annual Report. The Farmland Cooperative System, 1995.1995 Annual Report. The Farmland Cooperative System, 1996."We Bring Quality to the Table" The Farmland Cooperative System. 1996 61U.S. Bureau of the Census 1995.

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakesp

Hamlet - A Question of Madness Hamlets public somebodya is a facade he has created to carry out his ulterior motives. The external worlds perception of him as being mad is of his own design. Hamlet is deciding what he wants others to think about him. Polonius, a close confidant of the King, is the leading person responsible for the publics knowledge of Hamlets madness. The idea that Hamlet is mad centers around the fact that he talks to the ghost of his all of a sudden father. He communicates with his dead fathers ghost twice, in the presence of his friends and again in the presence of his mother. By being in public when talking to the ghost, the rumor of his madness is given substance. Polonius decides to go to Hamlets mother, the Queen, in be II to tell her that her noble son is mad (105). Aware of what has been going on with Hamlet, the Queen questions Polonius. In his response, Polonius continues to proclaim That hes mad, tis true. Tis true, tis pity, / And pity tis tis t rue - a ill-conceived figure (105). Although not believing it in her heart, the Queen later admits that Hamlet may be mad. After their conversation, Hamlet enters and has his own conversation with Polonius. During this conversation, Hamlet incorrectly labels Plonius as a fishmonger. Hamlet knows that Polonius will tell others of the mistaken identity specifically, he knows Polonius will report it to the King. Polonius believes Hamlets insanity is related to sex therefore, he is concern with Hamlets relationship with his daughter, Ophelia. Hamlets relationship and actions towards Ophelia are not exempt from his dual personalities. In private, he is deeply devoted to her but in public, he humiliates and belittles her... ... are dead at the end of the play. If Hamlet had not chosen to pretend to be mad, the outcome of the events would probably of been different. Hamlets quest of destroying the King is selfish, in that it affects the innocent as wellhead as the guilty. Hamlets fa lse madness finally brings about true madness at the end of the play that is inescapable. Works Cited and Consulted http//shakespeare.about.com/library/blhamlet_2_2.htm Bloom, Harold. Introduction. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. refreshful York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Bradley, A.C.. Shakespearean Tragedy Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. New York Penguin Books, 1991. Mack, Maynard. The World of Hamlet. Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996.